Sweden's central bank will likely cut its key rate by a quarter point, with further policy easing ahead early next year if inflation remains under control, a Reuters poll of economists showed.

A line chart of the movement of the US Dollar Index stock index over the last 365 days. None

Source: Reuters

Source: AP

(Dec 19): A surge in gold imports that widened India’s trade deficit to a record last month and pushed the rupee to an all-time low was due to an error in calculation, according to people with knowledge of the matter.

Officials double-counted gold shipments in warehouses following a change in methodology in July, the people said, asking not to be identified ahead of an expected formal clarification. Attempts are on to reconcile the data, which could have been over-estimated by as much as 50 tonnes in November or almost 30% of total imports of the precious metal that month, some of the people said.

If an error is indeed identified, the trade figures are likely to be revised and traders could expect some correction in the foreign-exchange rate. It would also soothe feverish speculation about the state of the economy triggered by the data, as economists pondered over whether the surge in gold purchases signalled distress and a need to hedge against inflation or a move that indicated prosperity in the hinterland caused by a healthy crop.

“The rise in gold imports this November cannot be explained by festive demand alone, in our view, and represents a meaningful step up in gold purchases for reasons unclear (to us),” Nomura Holdings Inc analysts Sonal Varma and Aurodeep Nandi had written in a note after the trade numbers were published.  

India’s trade deficit ballooned to an unprecedented US$37.8 billion (RM170.2 billion) in November, driven by a fourfold increase in gold imports to a record US$14.8 billion, from just US$3.44 billion a year ago. While gold imports have risen steadily since the government cut duties on the precious metal to 6% from 15% in the July budget, the sharp spike had stumped analysts.

Even after adjusting for a 30% overestimation of gold, the November trade deficit would still stand at an elevated level of US$33.4 billion, said Varma in an email Thursday. Before the trade data was released, economists had forecast a US$23 billion gap for the month in a Bloomberg survey. 

Notwithstanding the error in calculation, economists are worried about the surge in import of the precious metal. “Gold imports are growing at a faster pace this year on top of a higher base last year. That needs a much closer monitoring,” said Gaurav Kapur, chief economist of IndusInd Bank Ltd. The declining goods exports exacerbates the problem for the country, he said.

The rupee continued to weaken against the dollar and tumbled to a fresh low of 85.07 after the US Federal Reserve announced another interest rate cut overnight, but dialed back expectations for further reductions next year, triggering losses across Asian currencies.

The Indian currency could weaken to 85.50 per dollar over the near term, weighed by uncertainty over tariff policies of the incoming Trump administration as well as a weakening Chinese yuan, said Kunal Sodhani, vice-president at Shinhan Bank.

According to people familiar with India’s import system, officials probably added up imports kept by custodians in free trade zone warehouses with tallies reported by domestic banks that buy the gold from the custodians.

Typically, the gold isn’t considered an import until it is checked out from the warehouse. However, a recent integration of customs clearing systems is being identified as the potential culprit.

Until the end of June, bills of entry for ‘warehousing’ and ‘ex-bond goods’ — both not considered as imports — were maintained by SEZ Online, a Department of Commerce system, while the bill of entry for ‘house consumption’ — which is considered actual import — was handled by the Indian Customs Electronic Commerce/Electronic Data Interchange, or ICEGATE. Since July, ICEGATE has integrated both custodian and consumption data in a common system for faster data dissemination.

Emails to ICEGATE principal director general Yogendra Garg and the Trade Ministry spokesman weren’t immediately answered.

The double counting may have gone unnoticed earlier, but became apparent only in November because domestic prices went into a discount of at least 10% from international prices, triggering increased purchases that disproportionately pushed up import figures. 

Overall imports of gold could still be within the 800-1,000 tonnes that India ships in annually, some of the people said, adding however that the final reconciliation hasn’t yet been arrived at.

Source: Theedgemarkets

The USD/CAD pair extends its steady intraday retracement slide from the highest level since March 2020 and drops back closer to the 1.4400 mark during the first half of the European session on Thursday. The uptick could be attributed to some profit-taking amid the overbought conditions on the daily chart, though the fundamental backdrop seems tilted firmly in favor of bulls. 

The Federal Reserve (Fed) offered a more hawkish view and signaled a cautious path of policy easing next year, which remains supportive of a further rise in the US Treasury bond yields to a multi-month peak. Apart from this, geopolitical risks and trade war fears should continue to act as a tailwind for the US Dollar (USD). Apart from this, the political crisis in Canada, the Bank of Canada's (BoC) dovish stance and a downtick in Crude Oil prices could undermine the commodity-linked Loonie. This might contribute to limiting the downside for the USD/CAD pair. 

From a technical perspective, the Relative Strength Index (RSI) remains above the 70 mark and prompts some long unwinding around the USD/CAD pair. That said, this week's breakout through a multi-week-old ascending channel was seen as a key trigger for bullish traders and supports prospects for the emergence of dip-buying at lower levels. Hence, any further corrective slide below the 1.4400 round figure is likely to find decent support and remain limited near the aforementioned ascending trend-channel breakout point, around the 1.4335-1.4330 region. 

This is closely followed by the 1.4300 mark, which if broken decisively might prompt some technical selling and drag the USD/CAD pair to the next relevant support near the 1.4250 horizontal zone. The downward trajectory could extend further towards the 1.4220-1.4215 region en route to the 1.4200 round figure. 

On the flip side, the 1.4450 zone now seems to act as an immediate hurdle. Some follow-through buying beyond the 1.4465 area, or the multi-year top, should allow the USD/CAD pair to reclaim the 1.4500 psychological mark. The subsequent move-up has the potential to lift spot prices to the 1.4560 intermediate hurdle en route to the 1.4600 round figure and March 2020 swing high, around the 1.4665-1.4670 region.

Source: FXSTREET

USD: Hawkish Fed sends USD spiking

The Federal Reserve cut rates by 25bp as expected yesterday, but the broader policy message was more hawkish than expected. The new dot plot projections were heavily revised, now only factoring in 50bp of additional easing in 2025, and one FOMC member voted for a hold. Fed Chair Jerome Powell said that the Fed will be more cautious moving on and that more progress on inflation is needed for further cuts. Remember, the dovish shift by the Fed a few months ago was triggered by concerns about the jobs market. Yesterday, Powell said the risks to the labour market had diminished, effectively removing any sense of urgency when it comes to easing.

The bear flattening in the US curve pushed the dollar to new highs. DXY is trading at 108.0 and as we discussed in our FOMC review, we think this hawkish re-tuning of the Fed’s communication will lay the foundation for sustained dollar strengthening into the new year. Markets are fully expecting a hold in January and 11bp are priced in for March. If indeed the dot plot works as a benchmark for rate expectations for the next three months, the bar for a data surprise to seriously threaten the dollar’s big rate advantage is set higher.

The Bank of Japan also announced policy, delivering a rather cautious hold which has been digested as a dovish surprise by markets. Consensus was indeed for a hold today but probably expecting more openness towards a hike in January. Governor Kazuo Ueda sounded more data-dependent than forward-guidance-orientated, saying additional information on wages and growth is needed.

USD/JPY has surged through 155 on the back of the hawkish Fed and a hesitant BoJ. The direction of travel looks clearly towards the 158/160 area – an area where the BoJ has sold close to $100bn this year in previously successful attempts to stabilise the yen. We presume the incoming US Treasury will not mind this intervention given that Japan will be trying to support its currency. And back in 2019, the US Treasury labelled China a currency manipulator for allowing its currency to weaken.

EUR: Focus on Scandinavian central banks this morning

EUR/USD took another hit after the Fed. As discussed above we expect the shift in language by Powell to favour a longer period of dollar dominance and keep the Atlantic Spread wide. All this reinforces our view that EUR/USD will keep sliding lower in the coming weeks, and we expect to see the 1.02-1.03 levels being tested.

Elsewhere in Europe, we’ll see central bank announcements in Sweden and Norway this morning. We expect a 25bp cut by the Riksbank and a hold by Norges Bank.

As discussed in our Riksbank preview, forward-looking activity indicators are starting to paint a more optimistic picture in Sweden and inflation has come in hotter than expected of late. However, growth was soft in October. While the end of the easing cycle is in sight (we think rates will bottom at 2%), another cut today seems plausible given the Riksbank’s greater focus on growth and still dovish communication. Anyway, that is a consensus view and we don’t expect major deviations from 11.50 in EUR/SEK near term.

In neighbouring Norway, concerns about an excessively weak NOK have somewhat eased, but EUR/NOK close to 11.80 is still unwelcome by Norges Bank. A re-acceleration to 3.0% in core CPI in November should allow NB to keep supporting the currency via an unchanged policy rate for a bit longer. We still think a cut can come in 1Q25, but that may start to be a closer and closer call. EUR/NOK continues to have good downside potential on fundamentals, but the patchy external environment ahead of Trump’s inauguration should keep NOK bulls satisfied with some stability at best.

GBP: A non-event by the BoE

The latest macro indicators have all but reinforced expectations that the Bank of England will keep rates on hold today. The focus will be on any tweaks to forward-looking language and the vote split (which we expect at 8-1 hold-cut). There is no press conference scheduled for this meeting.

Our perception is that the BoE will try to make this announcement a non-event, offering cautious signals for further easing down the road but still highlighting stickiness in services inflation and wages.

Ultimately, we don’t see the pound being hugely impacted today, and the near-term outlook remains positive for the currency – at least until a fresh round of UK data potentially throws the latest hawkish repricing into question. We see EUR/GBP staying capped below 0.8300 in the coming weeks.

CZK: CNB pause in the cutting cycle

The Czech National Bank is very likely to take the first pause in the cutting cycle today and leave rates unchanged at 4.00%. The main reason is likely rising headline inflation, which is expected to exceed 3% in December although core inflation remains close to the central bank's 2% target. The December meeting will only offer an update to the November forecast. Thus, the main focus will be the press conference and the question of the February meeting. Our economists believe the pause will continue through February and only the March meeting is live for another rate cut. However, January inflation is expected to return to below 3% and risks have been pointing down in recent weeks. Therefore, we believe the February meeting is live and so today we will be looking to see how likely that is.

The market has gone too far with hawkish pricing with roughly one rate cut by the May meeting next year in our view. We think interviews have shown a still CNB board in a cutting mode. Therefore, we believe the communication today will focus on the February forecast and the January inflation print. At the same time, the vote split in our view adds dovish risk for today with 7-0 as a baseline but a decent chance of seeing one or two votes for a rate cut as well. Overall, we prefer to be on the dovish side given market pricing in rates and expect weaker FX after the meeting today.

Markets

The Fed lowered policy rates yesterday from 4.5%-4.75% to 4.25-4.5%, a level chair Powell said is still “meaningfully restrictive”. The decision was expected but not unanimous. Cleveland Fed Hammack voted to keep rates steady which given the circumstances had a lot to say for. The economy is doing fine with GDP forecasts left unchanged at a very decent 1.9-2.1% over the policy horizon. PCE inflation was revised higher to 2.5% from 2.1% in 2025 before easing towards the 2% goal by 2027. Core PCE faced a similar upward adjustment.

The FOMC moved from seeing risks to both inflation gauges as broadly balanced in September to skewed to the upside. In the same vein, uncertainty about both was now much higher. Asked why the Fed did cut, Powell noted the labour market is still cooling, be it gradually, while the inflation story was “broadly on track”. The language in the statement on future cuts changed in a hawkish way though with the bold part being the addition: “In considering the extent and timing of additional adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks.” Powell said this signals the Fed is at or near a point to slow the pace of further adjustments. He added that after having cut a cumulative 100 bps the Fed is now “significantly closer to neutral”, warranting a cautious stance. In the updated dot plot, the median rate forecast shifted up by 50 bps over the horizon, meaning next year is now showing two 25 bps rate cuts instead of four.

In addition, the policy rate is expected to remain above an upwardly revised neutral rate (to 3%) in 2025-2027. It’s higher for longer all over again. Powell at the very end of the presser, while labeling it as not a likely outcome, did not even want to rule out a rate hike next year. US yields surged between 8.8 (30-yr) and 14.1 (5-yr) bps on the Fed’s hawkish pivot and may have more room to run in the current momentum. US money markets not even fully price in two cuts next year. The dollar closed at the highest level in two years against the euro. EUR/USD finished at 1.0353 compared to the 1.0491 open. Critical support at 1.0335 (November intraday correction low) is at risk. The trade-weighted index topped 108 for the first time since November 2022.

Multiple central banks convene today. We already had Japan (see below). Next up is Sweden, Norway and the Czech Republic. In core markets, attention shifts from the Fed to the Bank of England. The intermediate meeting is without updated forecasts though. The status quo at 4.75% is all but certain. Governor Bailey’s guidance for 2025 is way more interesting. This week’s stronger-than-expected wage growth and stubborn inflation pressures (core, services) leave the central bank little wiggle room. Money markets barely price in two cuts next year. It’s keeping sterling locked near recent highs against the euro around EUR/GBP 0.823. If Bailey is only a fraction as hawkish as Powell yesterday, a test of EUR/GBP 0.8203 is on the cards.

News & Views

The Bank of Japan kept rates steady at 0.25% this morning. The decision was widely expected after the likes of Reuters and Bloomberg cited sources that the central bank was leaning towards the status quo. Tamura dissented and voted for a hike as the economy and prices were moving as expected and inflation risks were increasing. With the economy “likely to keep growing at a pace above its potential growth rate” and inflation expected to be sustainably at target as projected in the October outlook, a third hike is coming nevertheless. Governor Ueda during the presser confirmed this but said they wanted more information on wage hikes first. The lack thereof today was the reason why they held rates. Since these wage negotiations (shunto) only take place in February/March, a January rate hike suddenly is being questioned as well. The yen, which was already pressured by a strong USD, extends losses on Ueda’s comments. USD/JPY shoots higher to 156.3. Verbal interventions are probably incoming.

New Zealand GDP contracted a much bigger than expected 1% Q/Q in the third quarter this year. It followed a downwardly revised 1.1% (from -0.2%) in Q2, meaning the country technically entered a recession. GDP was 1.5% smaller than in 2024Q3. Part of the steep decline was statistically inspired with adjustments to earlier readings having caused a higher comparison base. Details do show a weak performance across the board from household consumption (-0.3% Q/Q), capital formation (-2.9%) and government consumption (-1.9%). Exports (-2.1%) dropped more than imports (-0.4%) did. The kiwi dollar tumbled on the release with the dollar compounding the downleg in NZD/USD. The pair closed at 0.562. Swap rates slipped 5 bps at the front end of the curve.

Source: KBC Bank